Lieutenant aboard the Hiryu who led and was killed during the first Japanese counterattack after the sinking of 3 Japanese aircraft carriers. On June 4, Spruance and Fletcher engaged four Japanese carriers at the Battle of Midway. World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance. It Didnt End Well. Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. A bust of Spruance is in the lobby. This occurred at the same time that Admiral Turner's forces were attacking Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshalls, about 700 miles to the east. A. On 6 December 1941 Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese bombers and America was swept into World War Two. Make sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use. That December he was elevated to rear admiral, and in February 1940 he was placed in command of the 10th Naval District (Caribbean), with his headquarters in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. His torpedo bombershaving switched to bombs for the attack on Midwaywere away, and most of his protective fighters were out on patrol. It was June 4, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance and Admira Fletcher had to engage four Japanese ships in the Battle of Midway. He envied no one, rivaled no man, won the respect of almost everyone with whom he came in contact, and went ahead in his quiet way, winning victories for his country.When we come to the admirals who commanded at sea, and who directed a great battle, there was no one to equal Spruance. During this period, Spruance served aboard USS Minnesota (BB-22) during the cruise of the Great White Fleet. Spruance was portrayed by Glenn Ford (a US Naval Reserve officer himself) in the 1976 film Midway, and by Jake Weber in the 2019 film Midway. Admiral Halsey was given command of the Third Fleet, and later that year Task Force 58 was transferred to Halseys fleet. Four fleet carriers and the heavy cruiser Mikuma were sunk; a cruiser, three destroyers, an oiler and a battleship were damaged. After Midway, although the Japanese still held a temporary advantage in vessels and planes, the U.S. Navy and the nation gained confidence and, most critically, time. My mind is blank. Spruance was detached from command of the Fifth Fleet on November 8, 1945, and he relieved Fleet Admiral Nimitz as commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean areas. "Well, pick it up and put it back," was Spruance's measured response.[8]. Since the Japanese planes were returning from the Midway strike, Spruance ordered that his strike be launched without delay so as to maximize the chances that the Japanese carriers would be caught while landing planes or spotting the next wave. A decisive victory, Spruance and Fletcher's actions at Midway helped turn the tide of the Pacific war in favor of the Allies. The Fifth Fleet commanders citation read: Responsible for the operation of a vast and complicated organization which included more than 500,000 men of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, 318 combatant vessels and 1,139 auxiliary vessels, [he] directed the forces under his command with daring, courage and aggressiveness. Before the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7-8 May 1942, the Imperial Navy of Japan had swept aside all of its enemies from the Pacific and Indian oceans. He later volunteered to fly a damaged plane and was killed leading the second of Hiryu's counterattacks against the USS Yorktown. Though the fourth, Hiryu, managed to launch bombers which caused critical damage to Yorktown, it too was sunk when American aircraft returned later in the day. The Navy honored Spruance by giving his name to a new class of 30 destroyers, the first of which, USS Spruance, was launched in 1973. More to his liking was the study of foreign methods of naval fire control, which took him to London and Edinburgh. Having been promoted to rear admiral in December 1939, he was directed to assume command of the Tenth Naval District (San Juan, PR) in February 1940. The Gilberts attack was planned and directed by Spruance, with the assistance of Rear Adms. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. Graduating from Annapolis three years later, he served two years at sea before receiving his commission as an ensign on September 13, 1908. [21] Buell quotes Spruance speaking with Morison: As a matter of tactics I think that going out after the Japanese and knocking their carriers out would have been much better and more satisfactory than waiting for them to attack us, but we were at the start of a very important and large amphibious operation and we could not afford to gamble and place it in jeopardy. The U.S. casualties were 199 planes, 128 flight personnel and damage to four warships. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. "Admiral Raymond Spruance". Why was Chester W Nimitz important? He lived quietly at Pebble Beach until December 13, 1969, when he died of arteriosclerosis at the age of 83. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. But the American commander, who could be daring and resourceful when necessary, could also exhibit shrewd caution when his experienced mind sensed an ambush. Spruance's seagoing career included command of the destroyers Bainbridge from March 1913 to May 1914, Osborne, three other destroyers, and the battleship Mississippi. (. He graduated from the U.S. The assault began at dawn on November 20, 1943, and the fighting raged for 76 hours. Known as "island hopping," U.S. forces moved from island to island, using each as a base for capturing the next. In this position, he traveled to London and Edinburgh. His flagship was badly damaged by the Japanese and was hit by two torpedoes from a Japanese submarine before sinking. However, Spruances fleet was also charged with guarding the amphibious landings at Saipan and Tinian. He suggested Spruance replace him as commander of the Fleet carrier force, despite the fact that Spruce had little experience with carriers. Naval Academy, graduating in 1906. His division was an element of the task force built around the aircraft carrier USSEnterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. Michio Kobayashi [25], Spruance was President of the Naval War College from February 1946 until he retired from the Navy in July 1948. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the second detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Japanese aircraft carrier attached to the Main Body of the fleet and saw close to no action. [4] Spruance attended Indianapolis public schools and graduated from Shortridge High School. Following a stint aboard USS Cincinnati, Spruance was made commander of the destroyer USS Bainbridge in March 1913 with the rank of lieutenant (junior grade). At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. With their 233 planes and crews at the ready, the three U.S. flattops were stationed well north of Midway, out of sight of enemy reconnaissance planes. With Okinawa's fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. [14][15] For his actions at the battle of Midway Rear Admiral Spruance was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal and cited as follows: "For exceptionally meritorious service as Task Force Commander, United States Pacific Fleet. For about 20 minutes, fighters, dive bombers and torpedo bombers pounded the island, carefully avoiding damaging the runways because the Japanese hoped to eventually use them. When I look at myself objectively, he wrote in retirement, I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. When she went to sea in 1916, he went with her. At the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese won a tactical victory, but suffered an operational-level defeat: it did not invade Port . Spruances fleet had prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the Saipan garrison. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. Spruance was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal for his service at Midway. Akagi was lashed by bombs, which exploded torpedoes that were being loaded onto her planes, and the crew abandoned ship. Fletcher quickly ordered his dive bombers to strike, which fatally damaged the fourth Japanese carrier; it was scuttled the next day. Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Hiss Spruance. The correct answer to this open question is the following. Spruance directed Operation Hailstone against the Japanese naval base Truk in February 1944 in which twelve Japanese warships, thirty-two merchant ships and 249 aircraft were destroyed. Flagship of Task Force 16 under the command of Raymond Spruance. The Battle of Midway infused the U.S. Pacific Navy with confidence. Halsey was aggressive and a risk taker. During the attacks, the Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and 249 aircraft. C. American Dream northwestward of Midway. President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Spruance for promotion to full admiral on February 10, 1944, and he was approved. He remained in the position only briefly as he accepted a posting as President of the Naval War College on February 1, 1946. Navy.[4]. Spruance had earned a restful retirement at his home in Pebble Beach, Calif., 125 miles south of San Francisco, with his wife, son and daughter. Lt Tomanaga leads Japanese Torpedo Bombers to attack the remaining carriers. Unites States Rear Admiral in command of Task Force 16 on the USS Enterprise. Spruance was about to face the sternest test in his long, distinguished career. My mind is blank. Notwithstanding their different personalities, Spruance and Halsey were close friends. [22] Spruance later chose the battleship USSNew Jersey as his flagship, as the huge Iowa-class battleship had both room for his staff and the speed to keep up with the fast carrier task forces. Successfully concluding operations, Spruance was promoted to admiral in February. The main auditorium of the U.S. He was then 55. It would become on of the last aircraft carriers to be sunk in a war in all of history during the battle of Leyte Gulf 2-3 years later. The repulse of the Japanese invasion fleet at Midway, and critically the destruction of the Kido Butai, allowed the U.S. to gain parity in the naval air war. He's one of the finest officers I know of. Flagship of Kakuta. The surviving carrier, Hiry, gave the Japanese some brief respite by sending strikes that again damaged Yorktown. His chance would come. He commanded the battleship USS Mississippi from April 1938 to December 1939, when he was promoted to rear admiral. The son of Alexander and Annie Spruance, Raymond Ames Spruance was born at Baltimore, MD on July 3, 1886. The recipient of the letter below was his longtime friend and former chief-of-staff Captain Charles "Carl" J. Moore. Fifteen Buffaloes and two Wildcats were lost, but the garrisons anti-aircraft fire was effective. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man . While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. Admiral Spruance was buried with full honors alongside Admirals Nimitz and Kelly Turner in a military cemetery overlooking San Francisco Bay. Japanese Admiral in command of the second division of the carrier strike force based on Aircraft Carrier IJN Hiryu. On April 1, Spruance began the Battle of Okinawa. While both Fletcher and Spruance were rear admirals, Fletcher was senior and nominally in overall command. The Iwo Jima and Okinawa actions lasted from January to May 1945, and in August the Japanese surrendered. >A few days later, Mitscher rejoined Spruance and the Fifth Fleet. Then Nagumo was dumbfounded to receive a search planes report of 10 enemy ships to the northeast, where no U.S. ships were supposed to be. It faced a Japanese invasion fleet organized into two groups: the air-attack task force of four carriers with support ships under command of Admiral Chichi Nagumo, and the surface and occupation forces under Admiral Nobutake Kond and others. He readied himself at Stevens Preparatory School in Hoboken, N.J., and entered Annapolis in July 1903 at age 17. The Coral Sea fight was virtually a warm-up for the Battle of Midway, regarded later as the turning point of the war in the Pacific. The enemy units were forced to withdraw their battered aircraft carrier Shokaku, while the Americans had to abandon the old, cherished carrier Lexington. In October 1946 he was awarded the Armys Distinguished Service Medal for his exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services during the capture of the Marshall and Mariana islands. He died on 13 December 1969 at the age of 83. He was uniquely modest and candid about himself all his life. When New Mexico was struck by two kamikaze on the night of 12 May 1945 a hasty search by Spruance's staff found the Admiral manning a fire hose amidship. Two years later, Spruance again received orders for the Naval War College and taught on the staff until April 1938. Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. As his staff worked, Halsey used the fleet to win the Battle of Leyte Gulf. "When I look at myself objectively," he wrote in retirement, "I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. [Admiral Spruance wrote this foreward for Mitsuo Fuchida's book, Midway, The Battle That Doomed Japan; The Japanese Navy's . A squadron of US Dive bombers which had arrived late after getting lost ambush the Japanese carriers bombing and resulting in the sinking of three out of four carriers. This time we were right because the enemy did what we expected him to do. I was shanghaied ashore in November of the next year to take over as electrical superintendent at the New York Navy Yard, said Spruance. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Advertisement Still have questions? Photograph Courtesy of the US Naval History & Heritage Command. Spruance succeeded Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz as Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas in November 1945, a few months after the end of the war. Only 17 of the islands 4,690 Japanese defenders survived to become prisoners. During the last year of World War I he was assigned as Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Naval Shipyard, and carried out temporary duty in London, England and Edinburgh, Scotland. One commentator said: The quick success of the offensive was attributed to the strategic daring by which Vice Admiral Spruances forces cut behind the eastern chain of the Marshalls. Japanese naval force tasked with the invasion of the Aleutian Islands under Vice Admiral Kakuta with aircraft carriers Junyo and Ryuho. Spruance is depicted as the controversial victor of Midway by G. D. Spradlin in the 1988 TV miniseries War and Remembrance. They would draw them north to deal with a Japanese invasion in the bleak Aleutian Islands, and then strike at unprotected Midway. World War II: Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr. World War II Pacific: The Japanese Advance Stopped, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. This article was written by Michael D. Hull and originally appeared in the May 1998 issue of World War II magazine. From 1952 to 1955 Spruance served as the American ambassador to Philippines. So he changed course northeastward, avoiding the first wave of dive bombers launched against him from Spruances carriers. ThoughtCo, Jul. Web. Early on, Halsey had led his task force on hit-and-run raids against the Japanese in the western Pacific: striking the Gilbert and Marshall islands in February 1942, Wake Island in March, and projecting the air power of the Doolittle Raid against the Japanese homeland in April. The US intelligence services could predict the way the Japanese carriers and planes would be approaching the battle. During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality. From the remaining enemy carrier, Hiryu, Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi launched bombers and torpedo planes against Yorktown. In 1939 he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral. The attack fails to destroy any airfields or major targets. Known for his calm in moments of crisis, Admiral Spruance became one of the U.S. Navy's largest assets in World War II. Capturing and occupying Midway was the brainchild-plan of commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. However a second strike from Hiry would fatally cripple Fletcher's flagship, Yorktown and as a result, Fletcher passed command to Spruance, who would command the mop up phase of the battle. Hickman, Kennedy. He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary . HistoryLearning.com. In the footnote Morison says, Admiral Spruance, in commenting on the first draft of this volume, requested that I delete victor at and substitute who commanded a carrier task force at, butI have let it stand. Then followed two years as assistant chief of staff to the commander of naval forces in Europe; a year of study at the Naval War College in Newport, R.I., where he completed the senior course; and two years of duty in the Office of Naval Intelligence. But several hours laternear the end of daylight hoursa U.S. scout plane located Hiry again. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. 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