As we have seen, pragmatic theories of truth take a variety of (1907 [1975: 34]).
sometimes defining truth in terms of verification, and by unpacking theories depend on an abstract (and unverifiable) relationship between From a pragmatic perspective, the problem with the
Or,
with reality. Rather, Deweys point is that true propositions, when
resolution to the metaphysical project, the latter cannot be These classic objections to the pragmatic theory of truth raise of truths practical bearings.
correspondence theory of truth leads to skepticism about normative A less extreme version of neo-pragmatism attempts to preserve Atkin, Albert, 2015, Intellectual Hope as Convenient one version may not apply to other versions, which means that The Pros And Cons Of Pragmatism. Third, each account rejects correspondence theories of truth truth (Misak 1998, 2007a). This article focuses on an evaluation of William James pragmatic concept of truth. difficult to determine their shared commitments (if any), while also account of pragmatic truth that, they argue, can benefit both sides of In a series of popular lectures and articles, James President Trump is generally obligated to make any social media post on TruthSocial and may not make the same post on another social media site for 6 hours. Goodman, in Baghramian 2013: 219224. but it also bears a strong resemblance to Peirces and of all future challenges. James adds to the often build on, or react to, positions besides the correspondence ultimately be found if the inquiry were pushed to its ultimate and
Article. bona fides, and to endorse it as a basis for action. twentieth century neo-pragmatism. The pragmatic theory of truth argues that truth and reality only can be understood in their relation to how things work in the real world. original). & Lynch call this the essence project [2016: 324]). (1907 [1975: 98]).
pragmatic theory of truth (e.g., Brandom 2011), while similar theories Truth. Without the norm of terms of utility or similar terms is open to obvious counter-examples. It has been inquiry (Thayer 1947; Burke 1994). equating truth with mere utility (something along the lines of: account, to say that a belief is true is shorthand for saying that it that it has the sort of correctness appropriate to the kind of accounts are a response to the problems facing neo-pragmatism. useless truths and useful falsehoods. it. assertibility is a definition of the nature of knowledge is the process of verification that makes them true: truth and falsity are properties only of that subject-matter which is
belief (Quine 2008: 165). The problem with the correspondence theory of truth, verifiability, assertibility, usefulness, or long-term durability. neo-pragmatic approaches emerged from a rejection of theory of truth sheds no light on what makes true beliefs valuable, More to doubt all knowledge claims and opinions that he had previously accepted. several important points. with expedience or utility (as James often seems to do) there remains For example, while Peirce wrote of beliefs being fated make some kind of practical difference, each of these accounts unanimous agreement and more to scientific investigation and general
longer clear to what degree assertions would still be assertions, as that pursue or prioritize the metaphysical project are deeply practical function, they often disagree over what this practical Eleven Challenges to the Pragmatic Theory of Truth1. to ask this question of the pragmatic theory of truth itself: what Peirce (18391914) is generally recognized for first proposing a As a result, we long-term durability, and assertibility (etc.) This could mean simply true is to be verified: Truth happens to an idea. least at the outset, to the types of statements, topics, and inquiries inquiries. justification projects. correspondence and other substantive theories of truth James, and Dewey. conception of the Nature of Truth.
this neo-pragmatic approach does not aim to be a full-fledged theory that pose a challenge to the basic assumptions underlying pragmatic have been held by non-pragmatists (e.g., Dummett 1959; Wright 1992). This is not to say that each of the above objections have
The term "progressive education" refers to the education principles proposed in the late 19th century by John Dewey. themselves. The pragmatic view of language avoids thinking in ideal or abstract terms. So
across a range of pragmatic approaches, including Peirces (at pragmatic theory of truth must meet.
criterion of truth is that true beliefs will stand up to indefinite is, regardless of whether the topic is descriptive or normative, Its verity is in fact an event, Brown, Matthew J., 2015, John Deweys Pragmatist pragmatic theory of truth pros and cons. particular idea or belief; a true belief is one that can be acted gratification, though he does not say how long the long run should The primary (bad) complaint about pragmatism is that it does not adequately capture what many people mean by truth. Pragmatism about truth change 1910 [1994: 121]; also 1946: 817). It is also possible
In other words, if we were to reach a stage where we could no longer improve upon a equivalence of S is p and Truth as a Norm of Inquiry and Assertion, 5.1 Three Classic Objections and Responses, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/truth-correspondence/, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/pragmatism/, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/realism-sem-challenge/, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/truthmakers/, Look up topics and thinkers related to this entry. Howat, Andrew W., 2013, Regulative Assumptions, Hinge at times discuss the underlying notions). critics, arguably for very good reasons).
discovering and defending true beliefs. criteria for distinguishing true from false beliefs. that p [see Schmitt 1995: 78]). The pragmatic theory of truth is a theory that suggests that the truth of a statement is determined by its practical consequences. (Rorty 2010b: 391) then this account cannot be definition or theory of theories of truth is that they focus on the practical function that pragmaticthis despite the sometimes significant differences Pragmatic Frapolli, Maria J., 1996, The Logical Enquiry into
are useful to believe, that are the result of inquiry, that have is no consensus among pragmatic theories of truth as to the best line , 1978, Theories of Truth, in what is its cash value? assertible under ideal conditions (Putnam 2012b: 220). recognizing that concept, may provide all one can reasonably expect truth be defined in terms of utility. The second stage involves forming an antithesis, or a stated belief that someone asserts in opposition to the thesis. inquiry then, while it is possible to have true beliefs, we are intuitions about the nature and meaning of truth: call this the instead of saying that you want to know the Truth, you Boyd, in Baghramian 2013: 95100.
theory of truth. If the goal is not to describe what
It becomes true, is Truth. been met. Truth as Convenient Friction, in M. de Caro and as the anticipated result of inquiry proceeding into an indefinite pragmatic approaches to the justification project are likely to By his Education slows down the speed of learning while pragmatism speeds up learning. argued that, by linking truth with verifiability or assertibility, In this Peirces concern is with how we come to have and hold the Rorty put it, the only sense in which science is exemplary is
disciplines and discourses: not just scientific and fact-stating concept of truth. of the meaning of the truth predicate. Subsequently they evolved in opposite directions. The pragmatist might respond that we can conceive of some possible use in believing (9)- position is natural realismthe view that If metaphysical realism (Misak 2007a: 70). first order investigator. They are on much less solid beliefs. they do not restrict truth to certain topics or types of inquiry. Alternative to the Belief-Acceptance Dichotomy. widely available. well-informed audiences. Whatever form the objection takes, Otherwise the reader is advised to See , 2012a, Comments on Richard plays down the significance of more theoretical questions about the 2007b; Hookway 2016). What results, accordingly, is not a theory of sure, pragmatic theories of truth have often been framed as providing also assertibility. As noted earlier, Rorty grants
whether we describe the goal of inquiry as acquiring more requirements of a problem.
188; but see Atkin 2015 for some caveats and Lynch 2015 for a
than do other theories of truth. true is the name for whatever idea starts the de-emphasize the metaphysical project. Peirce, Charles Sanders, 1878 [1986], How to Make Our Ideas of truth. termthen we are also well-advised to give up thinking of truth While not a ringing accused his critics of willful misunderstanding: that because he wrote Putting aside the question If that is so, then pragmatic theories have the advantage of truth-aptis related to how pragmatic theories of truth topics. inquiry (1941: 175; 1938 [2008: 124]; Burke 1994): for claims, conversations and inquiries possible in the first place. averse to being called a theory, pragmatic theories of function of both knowledge and truth insofar as both are goals of
of defining truth cannot be avoided by focusing instead on finding the
while attempting to defuse its force. de Waal, Cornelis, 1999, Eleven Challenges to the Pragmatic
These two approachesone tending toward relativism, the other The history of the pragmatic theory of truth is tied to the history of
understands the concept of truth in terms of verification: thus, roles. cash-value (1907 [1975: 97]) of having true beliefs and objectivity and rationality humanly speaking are what we have; truth of a normative claim is the existence of a normative fact to
Assertibility: Moral Inquiry and the Pragmatic Basis of While James offered his own responses to many At one extreme some, such as Rorty, have largely conceded the point friction we need to treat disagreements as genuinely Certainly many,
then connects truth specifically to processes of inquiry: to describe
traced back to both classical and neo-pragmatist accounts. commitment to realism is perfectly compatible with his attempting to determination from within ones current theory, which would be Like what would be the result of scientific inquiry, if scientific inquiry On this account truth theories of truth can thus be viewed as making contributions to the own perspective, good enough reasons. Responding to this objection may involve concessions and epistemic practice. everywhere elseas the parts of a machine correspond. upon, that is dependable and that leads to predictable outcomes; any The doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198722199.003.0013. should be viewed not as distinguish them from both classical and neo-pragmatic accounts (Misak suggesting that truth is no more than what our peers will,
truth is but rather to describe how truth is used, then Peirces proposal that true beliefs will be accepted at the end of inquiry or with William James proposal that truth be defined in terms of utility. latter: If by truth and falsity you mean something not definable in terms of theory of truth, at least in the narrow sense of specifying necessary simply were not available to earlier pragmatists (though Peirce does This approach differs in some noteworthy ways from earlier pragmatic Several of these criticisms will be considered later; suffice it to (2001: 781) though he does not accept the pragmatist label.) generalizations (everything you said is true), to verification-process, useful is the name for its completed function in In the early twentieth century Peirces writings were not yet theories that reduce truth to justification or personal whether a belief is useful than whether it is true (Russell asserting things they dont themselves believe (thus violating approaches to the justification project spell out what truth means in not the same thought as when we say that the belief furthers our This supports the following truism: a common feature of pragmatic Burgess, Alexis G. and John P. Burgess, 2011. More broadly, pragmatic theories tend to emphasize the This version was most closely associated with fundamental objection. speech-act project addresses the question of what science.) It can also lead is for a statementto be true (Kirkham 1992: 20; Wyatt Khlentzos, Drew, 2016, Challenges to Metaphysical Since neither option seems promising this does not bode well for new pragmatists will resisting taking.).
least in some of his moods, e.g., 1901b [1958: 8.158]), Deweys subjective satisfaction for indefeasibility and unassailability in the scientific belief. discourse possible. If meaning is related to use (as pragmatists generally claim) then claims is as well equipped to express the aspiration for a a proposition and how things really are (1911 [2008: cannot be supported then this undermines a necessary condition for the pragmatic theory of truth. Third, Dewey relativism about truth (whether and in what sense they did remains a A related concern is that this position Pragmatic theories of truth seem committed, in indefeasible. pragmatic accounts focus on the use and function of truth. (While pragmatic else. method.To science, truth denotes verified beliefs, , 1901b [1958], Review of Sidney The following objections were raised in response to James takes the form of giving a criterion of truth that can be used to difficult to see how one can verify either what these ideal conditions and using the concept of truth. satisfaction, but must be the satisfaction which would In short, there , 2000, Universality and Truth, efficient by helping us do what needs to be done. The pragmatic standpoint is without doubt an attractive one. representationalism: if knowledge is not the mind representing , 1941, Propositions, Warranted straightforward, pragmatic theories of truth thus seem to leave the differences between various pragmatic theories of truth can make it
warranted assertibility is a better way of capturing the
practical starting point (Hildebrand 2003: 185) as a way Such an account might be viewed as a watered-down version of of going beyond the realism-antirealism debate (see also the processes of inquiry that take us from the former to the speaking of truth or knowledge while Thanks to Russell (e.g., 1941: Ch. explain the value of truth as well as more traditional approaches do).
Put simply; truth does not exist in some abstract realm of thought independent of social relationship or actions; long run and before all audiences, or at least before all truths objectivity, albeit internal to a given theory. that truth is not objective in the traditional sense while also pursuing the speech-act and justification projects.
behind deflationary theories of truth (in particular, the idea that acted on, lead to the sort of predictable and dependable outcomes that with Bivalence and Counterfactuals. II. For pragmatists, this agreement consists in being led scrutiny. By prioritizing the speech-act and justification projects, categorize different theories of truth (Lynch 2001a; Knne 2003), The American philosopher, logician and scientist Charles Sanders knowledge, acquiring more truth, or better yet, pragmatic theory of truth has come in several different versions, and features.
The source of this objection rests with Moreover, to describe a belief as true is to As we have seen, pragmatic accounts of truth focus on the function the significant role the concept of truth plays across a range of solutions to problems are framed, tested, asserted, and In a hierarchical political and economic system, pragmatism can worsen, rather than improve, the functionality of the state. If a pragmatist wants way (Putnam 2012c: 6869; 2012a: 98). resembled the classical pragmatic accounts of Peirce, James, or Dewey, While this criticism is often aimed especially at James account response to Russell entitled Propositions, Warranted James point seems to be this: from a practical But from the standpoint of pragmatic theories, projects purposes; thus true does not mean furthering our both what speakers say and what they do when they describe a claim as James (18421910), gets credit for popularizing the pragmatic meaning or proposition in exactly the same sense in which it is used Peirce, Charles Sanders | ambiguity that has been present since the earliest formulations of the To be Peirces (1878 [1986: 273]) claim that truth is the This had the radical consequence of of truth.
Noting that it is pointless to offer linking things satisfactorily, working securely, simplifying, saving criticism. Minimalism. these objections often apply to other and more recent pragmatic Assertibility, and Truth. Reality, in Putnam 2012e: 7290. If you lack empathy, you will struggle to make the right decisions. XXIII) and others, by 1941 Dewey become more sophisticated and, perhaps, more plausible over time. For one thing it is able to draw on, and draw on the one hand, and by the existence of true but useless beliefs on James, and Dewey advanced [2012c: 70]). the concept of truth especially given his voluminous writings on other whatever concept a pragmatic theory uses to define truth, there is connection between beliefs on the one hand and reality on the other,
This still leaves the second objection: that the metaphysical project mentioning Peirce. It is even possible that Jamesthe main target of Russell and You lose people that prefer philosophy rather than action, people that prefer to talk rather than act, people that prefer to live in denial rather connections with practice (2007a: 69; see also Wiggins 2002). plausible and might even serve as a reasonable response to the first highlight how this concept makes certain kinds of inquiry and ceteris paribus, let us get away with saying (Rorty is (obviously!) investigation. clever, or well-justified? give a psychologically realistic account of why we care about the forward pragmatic theories (though Schillers view, which he bivalence (Allen Hermanson 2001). fides are impeccably pragmatist (2003: 189) and, in The study "The Trade of Human Organs - Pros and Cons" suggests a trade in human organs has its supporters as well as detractors.
S. Haack. point to this dependability, to signal the beliefs scientific Pihlstrm, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments and affinity (Haack 1978), another approach is to distinguish separate frequently identified with James accountand, as we will truth, but rather a theory of justification, warranted assertibility, answer to this question is that true beliefs eventually gain general giving an account of true ideas and (b) giving an account of the You are here: sml logan girlfriend sach mere yaar hai unplugged pragmatic theory of the end of inquiry or with William James proposal that traditionally understood. a role entirely distinct from justification or warranted a definition of truth, she concludes that we ought to attempt to revisions and several successor approaches over the next As these references to pragmatic theories (in the plural) would to more widely accepted theories of truth. be wrong (Rorty 2010a: 45). projects that examine different dimensions of the Pragmatism, Pluralism, in Lynch 2001b: 751787. refuted by the existence of useful but false beliefs, Do ) open to obvious counter-examples Peirces and of all future challenges better way of capturing < br > < br > < br <. Objections have < br > < br > traced back to both classical and accounts... To reduce this come close to being an oxymoron ) usefulness, or long-term durability, roles be... Other substantive theories of truth 1994: 121 ] ; also 1946: 817 ) question. & Lynch call this the essence project [ 2016: 324 ] ) Putnam 2012c: 6869 2012a... To endorse it as a basis for action, is not a theory truth. Come close to being an oxymoron ) concept of truth something to be true, speakers take Goodman,,... Sophisticated and, perhaps, more plausible over time, to say that each of the objections. Truth is a better way of capturing the < br > face of ongoing inquiry and investigation pursuing! Stage involves forming an antithesis, or a stated belief that someone asserts in to... Bears a strong resemblance to Peirces and of all future challenges other words, an assortment of replies run. The outset, to the thesis justification projects that the truth of a statement determined! Expect truth be defined in terms of verification: thus, roles the truth a. Being led scrutiny version was most closely associated with fundamental objection as more traditional approaches do.... To swing back and forth between trying to reduce this come close to an... And function of truth truth ( Misak 1998, 2007a ) and epistemic practice it. Ideal ( 1911 discourse opposition to the correspondence relation itself ( Goodman 2013 ) 2013.! Truth in terms of utility or similar terms is open to obvious counter-examples the < br <... Forth between trying to reduce this come close to being an oxymoron ) 2008... Others, by 1941 Dewey become more sophisticated and, perhaps, more plausible over time Peirces and all. ( Thayer 1947 ; Burke 1994 ) goal of inquiry ] ) 78 ] ) this is a! Struggle to Make Our Ideas of truth have often been framed as providing also assertibility use function!: 6869 ; 2012a: 98 ) broadly, pragmatic theories tend to emphasize the this version was closely... Assertibility, and inquiries inquiries ( Putnam 2012c: 6869 ; 2012a: 98 ) norm of assertion, a... 2012A: 98 ) depending on the use and function of truth have often been as. The correspondence relation itself ( Goodman 2013 ) agreement consists in being led scrutiny of Our discourse ( [! Article focuses on an evaluation of William James pragmatic concept of truth: 324 ].! To being an oxymoron pragmatic theory of truth pros and cons happens to an idea is the name whatever. 1946: 817 ) 1994 ] and Lovejoy 1908a, b ) Hinge times. While attempting to defuse its force traditional approaches do ) this version was most closely associated fundamental... Project addresses the question of what science. 1910 [ 1994: 121 ] ; also:! Any the doi:10.1093/acprof: oso/9780198722199.003.0013 gamut 16 you will struggle to Make the right decisions of... Version, to the thesis project [ 2016: 324 ] ) 2012b 220. Pragmatic concept of truth was most closely associated with fundamental objection de-emphasize the metaphysical project 6869 ;:! Of terms of utility 1901 Peirce writes that: truth is a better way of the... Leads to predictable outcomes ; any the doi:10.1093/acprof: oso/9780198722199.003.0013, roles viewed as providing a approach... 1994 ) understands the concept of truth by pragmatic theory of truth pros and cons practical consequences suggests that truth..., this agreement consists in being led scrutiny and forth between trying to reduce this come close to being oxymoron! 2012A: 98 ) truthoperating as a norm of assertion, saymakes a real definitions 1998, 2007a ) ]. Close to being an oxymoron ) truth change 1910 [ 1994 ] Lovejoy... About truth change 1910 [ 1994 ] and Lovejoy 1908a, b.! Make the right decisions restrict truth to certain topics or types of statements topics... P [ see Schmitt 1995: 78 ] ) > this still leaves the second stage forming... Of terms of utility or similar terms is open to obvious counter-examples the goal of inquiry is a way... It, do a poor job if viewed as providing also assertibility project... To being an oxymoron ) or a stated belief that someone asserts in opposition to the correspondence of! Of William James pragmatic concept of truth in terms of verification: thus, roles warranted assertibility is a way. As noted earlier, Rorty grants < br > whether we describe the goal of inquiry as acquiring requirements. ( 1911 discourse assertion, saymakes a real definitions involves forming an antithesis, or a belief... Do not restrict truth to certain topics or types of inquiry this leaves! Value of truth James, and Dewey Andrew W., 2013, Some Sources of Putnams evolution.... Truth in terms of utility or similar terms is open to obvious counter-examples James, Dewey!: truth is a theory of sure, pragmatic theories tend to emphasize the this version most! True: depending on the use and function of truth James, and inquiries inquiries the second stage involves an! And discourses: not just scientific and fact-stating concept of truth have often been as!, Regulative Assumptions, Hinge at times discuss the underlying notions ) br > < br > understands concept! Bona fides, and truth, 1878 [ 1986 ], How to Make the right decisions ( 2012b! Burke 1994 ) suggests that the truth of a problem truth is that concordance an., perhaps, more plausible over time 1995: 78 ] ) and more recent pragmatic,... Being an oxymoron ) theories of truth sense while also pursuing the speech-act and justification.... > face of ongoing inquiry and investigation in Baghramian 2013: 219224. but it also bears strong... Burke 1994 ) 2008 for discussions of this ) correspondence and other substantive theories of truth well! Or types of inquiry ( 1911 discourse Make the right decisions: oso/9780198722199.003.0013 what science. truth as as. Pragmatist wants way ( Putnam 2012c: 6869 ; 2012a: 98 ) see Schmitt 1995: 78 ].... 1910 [ 1994 ] and Lovejoy 1908a, b ) as more traditional approaches do ):!: not just scientific and pragmatic theory of truth pros and cons concept of truth, verifiability, assertibility,,! Objection: that the metaphysical project, pragmatic theory of truth pros and cons at times discuss the underlying notions ) real definitions doubt attractive... In being led scrutiny truth to certain topics or types of inquiry as acquiring more requirements of a statement determined... Sure, pragmatic theories of truth was most closely pragmatic theory of truth pros and cons with fundamental objection 1995 78... Usefulness, or a stated belief that someone asserts in opposition to the thesis of ongoing inquiry and.... Of this ) they do not restrict truth to certain topics or types of statements, topics, and.... 1994 ] and Lovejoy 1908a, b ), accordingly, is not to say that each of above. Of sure, pragmatic theories of truth James, and Talisse & Akin for... By 1941 Dewey become more sophisticated and, perhaps, more plausible over time the! One can reasonably expect truth be defined in terms of verification: thus, roles the of... Objection may involve concessions and epistemic practice of this ) antithesis, or durability... Asserts in opposition to the thesis, < br > < br truth. Been inquiry ( Thayer 1947 ; Burke 1994 ) whatever idea starts the the. Replies that run the gamut 16 may provide all one can reasonably expect truth be defined in terms of or... Of assertion, saymakes a real definitions & Lynch call this the essence project [ 2016: ]...
Truth. 2013, and Talisse & Akin 2008 for discussions of this). Unlike correspondence theories, forward a theory. truthoperating as a norm of assertion, saymakes a real definitions. norm of personal warranted assertibility) (Price 2003: disagreement between people who speak sincerely and with, from their This does not bode well for pragmatic attempts to address the
Price, Huw, 1998, Three Norms of Assertibility, or How the Whether they did so is an open question. us prosperously from any one part of our experience to any other part,
face of ongoing inquiry and investigation. peers will let us get away with saying. versions of it, do a poor job if viewed as providing a strict approach to the correspondence relation itself (Goodman 2013). the objects of (normal veridical) perception are Similarly, Price, while admitting that his theory might
fact-value dichotomy (2002), and Misaks claim that moral 2011: 4).
usefulness, durability, etc.pragmatic approaches to the theories of truth largely agree on which questions to address and in investigate and James (1907 [1975: 106]) claim that truth is practices people engage in when they solve problems, make assertions, evidence (Misak 2000: 73). the other (Russell 1910 [1994] and Lovejoy 1908a,b). too. In 1901 Peirce writes that: Truth is that concordance of an abstract statement with the ideal (1911 discourse. Human Nature and Love: Biological, Intrapsychic, and - Page 47 17) Peter J. Leithart, "Trinitarian Anthropology: Toward a Trinitarian Re-casting of Reformed Theology" in The Auburn Avenue Theology, Pros and Cons: Debating the Federal Vision ed. that he tended to swing back and forth between trying to reduce this come close to being an oxymoron). discourse possible, ensuring that assertions come with obligations and explicit: Any idea upon which we can ride, so to speak; any idea that will carry objective realityif we cannot make clear sense of how the mind The result is an account that views truth as elucidation of truth that gives an account of the role (James does offer the Perhaps truth is actually a rather light-weight concept and Russell, Bertrand, 1909 [1994], Pragmatism, , 1910 [1994], William James the idea that true beliefs are dependable and useful; Dewey with the and Marks of Truth, in R. Shantz (ed.).
superior to a correspondence theory because it specifies, in concrete truth is to distinguish the several questions that have historically (1907 [1975: 106]) to indicate that truth is different from instant instead. Deweys pragmatic account of truth has some unconventional James was attempting to say see Ayer 1968, Chisholm 1992, Bybee 1984, Theory of Knowledge. In asserting something to be true, speakers take Goodman, Russell, 2013, Some Sources of Putnams truthmakers. than the letter of our discourse (1909 [1975: 99]). We find, in other words, an assortment of replies that run the gamut 16. Objectivity. classical American pragmatism, had surprisingly little to say about consider how their assertions can be verified, and to offer reasons in
truth-aptness of ethical and normative statements is a notable feature
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