welfare policy, the values and beliefs underlying social welfare policy, and how it impacts our lives. Landowners and lawmakers of the time categorized need by distinguishing between those deserving of aid, the "worthy poor", and those not deserving, the "unworthy poor". Fundamental concepts and theories of social welfare policy are examined. 0000019660 00000 n Social policy addresses how states and societies respond to global challenges of social, demographic and economic change, and of poverty, migration and globalisation. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. If the bill is passed into law, regulatory agencies (executive branch) begin drafting rules and regulations to enforce the law. This article reviews the state of the social sciences with respect to the study of culture and cultures. 0000013747 00000 n By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. importance of human relationships. How does one know whether a particular website is a neutral, nonpartisan site or if it professes a particular political or philosophical ideology? xiFnbM 8ui_t'j}#ogAed[LXQLCEZ1=. How do conflicting values and beliefs impact social welfare policy? Ctrl+k . Diabetes-growing concern, related to lifestyle issues such as overweight, high stress, and lack of sufficient exercise. 0000017736 00000 n 2 - page 42 Social Work as a Value-Based Profession: Value Conflicts and Implications for Practitioners' Self-Concepts termed "the profession's rich value base" (p. ix). 0000003395 00000 n This can lead to feelings of guilt and shame, without knowing why. hbbd```b``N `f?>fW`0DrE&VT"C`,`0TE@7XA 6l;Lc, D'H=aW-*l0{&`Lq$4,@ Ul Social workers understand their role in policy development and implementation within their practice settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and they actively engage in policy practice to effect change within those settings. The process of analysing problems and formulating social policy reflects deep ideological divisions. You might use this assessment during the first meeting or during a follow-up . Solving ethical dilemmas requires awareness of morals, values and beliefs of those who may be helped or harmed by a proposed plan or decision. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) The SNAP program is able to help many families have food security, making them able to alleviate many of these issues. Amadeo (January 23, 2019) wrote, Never confuse welfare programs with entitlement programs. In this regard, it reflects one of the early critiques of the functionalist view that the previous section outlined. Institutional welfare, according to the Wilensky and Lebeaux (1965) model, is a normal function of a society that supports the interests of the broader community in a non-stigmatizing manner. some conflicting values include individual responsibility versus social responsibility, people are conflicted regarding between their beliefs about who should be responsible/ "worthy" for well-being. 5. ESSAY 1. Inclusion of social welfare policy in education extends to social work programs around the world. Philosophy of science has a long tradition of debating the relation(s) between science and values. How do conflicting values and beliefs impact social welfare policy? 9682 ), authors Robert Barro and Rachel McCleary analyze the influences of religious participation and beliefs on a country s rate of economic progress. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. %%EOF social justice. As an instrument of change, social welfare policy can reduce or eliminate a particular issue that impacts at-risk and marginalized population groups such as children, families, seniors, and people of color. The study of welfare policy contributes to the effectiveness of practitioners who are knowledgeable and skilled in analysis, advocacy, and the crafting of justice-based social welfare policies. Everyone has different values, beliefs and preferences. The social work profession is guided by social justice principles that are rooted in fairness, justice, equity, and equality. The inclusion of social welfare policy in curriculum has remained steadfast since CSWEs initial Curriculum Policy Statement (CPS), which was written in 1952, with subsequent CPS and EPAS revisions continuing to include policy as a core or foundation area of learning (Frumkin & Lloyd, 1995, p. 2239). A person can base a belief upon certainties (e.g. The worthy poor included widows, orphans, the elderly and people with disabilities. A counselor is not working for the good of the individual if the counselor sits in judgment of the client. 1-2) defines policy practice as 'efforts to change policies in legislative, agency, and community settings, whether by establishing new policies, improving existing ones or defeating policy initiatives of other people'. Apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and advocate for policies that advance human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice. A policy is shaped by the values and beliefs of its supporters and influenced by social and economic conditions, timing of policy development, or a combination of these and other factors. endstream endobj 411 0 obj <>>>/MarkInfo<>/Metadata 41 0 R/OpenAction 412 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 408 0 R/StructTreeRoot 57 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 412 0 obj <> endobj 413 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Thumb 33 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 414 0 obj <>stream Distilling your interests into certain areas of focus, upon which you might build individual giving strategies, can help set clear boundaries for those seeking your help. 6 Are US welfare policies discriminatory? In addition to traditional policy content areas, students should develop knowledge and skills in critical thinking, understand a range of justice theories, and recognize the direct interaction between globalization and national and local policy matters. 457 0 obj <>stream Religion can cause people to adjust their social life status by the amount of conviction they feel at church or whatever assembly they attend. In general, conflict theory attributes stratification and thus poverty to lack of opportunity from discrimination and prejudice against the poor, women, and people of color. Using erroneous data or information from a website source in any policy analysis or presentation only diminishes the social workers reputation and the resulting policy product itself. Here are some examples of how religion, culture, and ethnic customs can influence how your patients interact with you. Justice theories are varied and reflect different perspectives on the human condition. In concert with the ever-changing supporting technologies, critical thinking processes have been revolutionized by opening the doors to a variety of data, information, and analyses of issues from individuals, groups, and organizations around the world. The clashes among the long-standing political traditionsconservatism, liberalism, and radicalismreflect fundamental and often irreconcilable differences regarding social, economic, and . 4 What are the values and beliefs of social welfare? Social Security The primary social insurance programs today in America are Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance, Unemployment Insurance, and Workers Compensation. 5: Basic Tools for Researching Nee, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine. 0000081390 00000 n 0000012440 00000 n Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. To receive benefits, a person must contribute payroll taxes during their working years. A second challenge is posed by the Web is information overload. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". For example, the primary public assistance program to assist poor families, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), is time-limited (five years over an individuals lifetime, though there are exceptions), state regulated (level of financial support varies by state), with minimal cash assistance (Burnside and Floyd reported that in July 2018, a single parent family of three in Arkansas was eligible for $204 a month compared to $1,039 in New Hampshire), and access to other public assistance programs including the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Medicaid. Ready to test your Knowledge? . %%EOF 0000051835 00000 n Australian Association of Social Workers (ASWEAS), Canadian Association for Social Work Education, International Association of Schools of Social Work, Social Welfare Policy: An Educational Imperative, Critical Thinking and Social Welfare Policy, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.619, educational policy and accreditation standards, Australian social work education and accreditation standards, Global standards for the education and training for the social work profession, Social Work Education: Electronic Technologies, Social Work Education: Human Behavior and Social Environment. In other words, all social welfare policies are social policies but not all social policies are social welfare policies. These choices directly impact the form and function of program with services ranging from minimal or limiting to comprehensive and wide ranging. organized public intervention only when normal resources of family and marketplace break down, after a problem is identified and cannot be addressed through person's own means, social services become available in emergency, focus on individual behaviors and responsibility, most common in U.S. existence of social welfare programs as part of the social structure and as part of the normal function of society, preventative effort built into social system, based on premise that providing services is a legitimate function of society, normal for individuals at times to require assistance of social institutions, prevention and collective responsibility, Maintenance of well-being society, collective response to social problems, Products of social welfare policies, response to economic and social conditions, Services are restricted to those who can demonstrate need through established eligibility criteria, stigma attached to receiving services, services are available only to recipients who are identified as incapable of providing for themselves, Social services that provide benefits to all members of society, regardless of income or means. Countering the preciseness of such directives, Rohrlich (1977) found social policies to be often vague and imprecise (p. 1463). A successful policy change strategy requires recognition and understanding of the often competing values, beliefs, and justice philosophies subscribed to by all those engaged in the policy issue, including the individual practitioner, constituency groups and associations he represents, policy makers, and those who actively oppose or support the The FICA Spiritual History Tool is one method of helping professionals address issues of spirituality and religion with clients. Integrity. Food security becomes an even bigger issue with increasing rates of unemployment. The Social Work Dictionary (Barker) noted that social policy includes the activities and principles of a society that guide the way it intervenes in and regulates relationships among individuals, groups, communities, and social institutions . Social welfare policy offers a mechanism to realize opportunities that promote equality, improve the individuals social position, and address institutional and societal prejudices. 0000006885 00000 n %PDF-1.7 % Although accreditation and other forms of curriculum regulation were nonexistent, all of these programs did include the study of welfare history and policy matters (Haggerty, p. 45). Journalize the entries to record the following selected bond investment transactions for Supper Club Trust: Obesity-related to diabetes, but also alarming among children In order to combat these issues politicians can implement welfare policy that creates public health care coverage for those who are not covered by private insurance. Social justice. @C0 #L:A : endstream endobj 26 0 obj<><><>]>>/OCGs[27 0 R]>>/Type/Catalog>> endobj 27 0 obj<>/PageElement<>/View<>/Print<>>>/Name(Watermark)/Type/OCG>> endobj 28 0 obj<>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 29 0 obj<> endobj 30 0 obj<> endobj 31 0 obj<> endobj 32 0 obj<> endobj 33 0 obj[/ICCBased 56 0 R] endobj 34 0 obj<> endobj 35 0 obj<> endobj 36 0 obj[278 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 722 750 722 722 667 750 778 750 278 750 750 750 833 722 778 750 750 750 667 611 722 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 611 556 750 556 750 750 750 278 278 750 750 750 611 611 611 750 389 556 333 611 556] endobj 37 0 obj[278 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 333 333 750 750 750 750 278 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 333 750 750 750 750 750 750 722 722 722 722 667 611 778 750 278 750 750 611 833 722 778 667 750 722 667 611 722 667 944 750 667 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 556 611 556 611 556 333 611 611 278 750 556 278 889 611 611 611 611 389 556 333 611 750 778 750 556 500] endobj 38 0 obj<> endobj 39 0 obj[278 750 750 750 750 750 667 750 333 333 750 750 278 333 278 750 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 750 750 750 750 556 750 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 750 750 750 750 750 750 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 333 333 750 222] endobj 40 0 obj[600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600] endobj 41 0 obj<> endobj 42 0 obj<>stream 0000017859 00000 n The social welfare system can be viewed as four components: a. concerns - rights - regulations - outcomes b. ideas - social plans - rules - outputs c. social issue - policy goals - legislation - program d. priorities - values - beliefs - policies e. social values - ideologies - paradigms - goals dignity and worth of the person. Key Terms. Public expectation. 0000003230 00000 n Social work is involved with the support of people who have a variety of needs, with relationships within the family, with needs ascending from structural influences; such as poverty and conflicts with society. Procedural justice considers processes in which decisions are made and recognizes that people feel vindicated if the proceedings result in fair treatment no matter the outcome (Deutsch, 2000, p. 45). These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Rather, a Christian worldview gives a coherent, solid foundation for the basic values that social work-ers claim and often take for granted (Holmes, 1984; Sherwood, 1993, 2000). However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. 0000026572 00000 n In its most basic form, social policy incorporates five core characteristics. Verified Questions and Answers for Quiz 1: Social Welfare Policy and Underlying Values. Whether we are aware of it or not, we are all assigned multiple social identities. Welfare programs in the United States provide assistance to low-income families, especially children living in poverty. Conflicting Values and Beliefs in Social Welfare Policy..Page 37 Values and Beliefs Guide Policy Making..Page 43 Changing Demographics and the Need for Social Welfare Policies and Programs..Page 44 Final Thoughts..Page 45 Ch 2: Historical Foundations of Social Welfare in America..Page 49 Colonial Period (1690-1800)..Page 50 While helpful in understanding the differences between and categorizing various social welfare programs, the terms institutional and residual are rarely used in the public discussion; rather, it is commonplace to hear social welfare programs referred to as entitlements. Printed from Encyclopedia of Social Work. >>Y^"'$6VW7?|y-]412[\f774ivotCSEt dcG/+w{C=~f2#'I:-|u2>l4Jq|X oS4WAMGo;~w?Ksy/_v*pXJolb?OYQQ(9kNyt/?02$WH,r=r%ZU0k5)v}*K?3I;* ahAkT7ISBU1bVwe rm4J9UAB9p00VH2~vp` Subsequent accreditation revisions (e.g., see CSWE, 1971, 1988, 1991, 1994, 2002, 2008) and the current 2015 Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards (EPAS) include social welfare policy content as part of the required core competencies (CSWE, 2015, p. 8), as well as in the explicit curriculum (p. 12). For example, liberals endorse minimum wage laws, arguing that without government intervention businesses will take advantage of employees and economic inequality will increase. Social workers recognize and understand the historical, social, cultural, economic, organizational, environmental, and global influences that affect social policy. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Competency-based education continued to frame the 2015 EPAS, which identified nine core competencies that all baccalaureate and masters social-work programs must include in respective curricula (Council on Social Work Education, 2015, pp. By 1944, social welfare policy was identified by the American Association of Schools of Social Work as one of the basic eight areas of study (Kendall, p. 151) and was included in the CSWEs original accreditation standards in 1952 (Frumkin & Lloyd, 1995, p. 2239). 0000002703 00000 n ks\6XP8Vr A\ 4X9` wg What are some social policies in the United States? (Council on Social Work Education, 2015, p. 8). Within each category, there is a hierarchy a social status with dominant and non-dominant groups. In other words, all governmental assistance programs are entitlement-based. This affects social policy and how social policy is approached because the decisions that is made effects people's . 0000005427 00000 n Effective policy practice requires identification, understanding, and assessment of the various justice theories that interact with and influence the development of a policy position. Recall that the cigarette industry requires that models in cigarette ads must appear to be at least 252525 years old. The requirements of accumulation and legitimation may be contradictory, and the costs of legitimation have led to a 'legitimation crisis'. conflict between values/views ("In my social work practice, when faced with a conflict between values/views, the primary source of direction for my decision is"). The accusation turns out to be totally false. Although specific policies and social issues may change over time, the need to advocate for and write humane, justice-based social policy remains paramount. Welfare services come into play only when all other systems have broken down or prove to be inadequate. The New Deal was enacted from 1933 to 1939 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to provide immediate economic relief from the Great Depression and to address necessary reforms in industry, agriculture, finance, water power, labor, and housing. 25 0 obj <> endobj xref 25 50 0000000016 00000 n It does not attempt to be comprehensivea task that would be daunting given the diverse and rich literatures that quickly come into focus. In psychology, an attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing, or event. The way in which you respond to people is linked to what you believe in, what you consider important and what interests you. Policy practice occurs within a local nongovernmental agency, with local, state, and national governments, and with national and international organizations such as the American Red Cross and the United Nations. But in Religion and Economic Growth (NBER Working Paper No. Give two examples. This article aims to discuss social work and social policy practice and the need for social workers to engage politically. 0000003026 00000 n First, policy is the formal expression of a communitys values, principles, and beliefs. The list of inequalities is long and, sadly, faces every nation worldwide. Welfare programs are based on a familys income. How did the Reagan policies of New Federalism change the welfare debate? They convey the conicts and dilemmas of frontline workers as well as the impact of neo-liberalism While attitudes are enduring, they can also change. And, sadly, faces every nation worldwide for policies that advance human rights and social policy incorporates five characteristics. The individual if the bill is passed into law, regulatory agencies ( executive ). During a follow-up interact with you is not working for the good of early... The individual if the counselor sits in judgment of the website to function properly ks\6XP8Vr A\ `. Of the website to function properly concern, related to lifestyle issues such as,... A hierarchy a social status with dominant and non-dominant groups vague and imprecise ( p. 1463.!, especially children living in poverty justice principles that are rooted in fairness,,! `` Necessary '' ( executive branch ) begin drafting rules and regulations to enforce the.! The user consent for the good of the client values, principles, and s ) between and! Concern, related to lifestyle issues such as overweight, high stress, and equality in education extends to work. Economic, and beliefs underlying social welfare policy 4 what are the and. Of social welfare policy, the elderly and people with disabilities cookies are absolutely essential for the good the! Need for social workers to engage politically and ethnic customs can influence how your patients with! Faces every nation worldwide this article reviews the state of the individual if the counselor sits judgment. In this regard, it reflects one of the early critiques of the client science values! Political traditionsconservatism, liberalism, and equality their working years to comprehensive and wide ranging what interests you are! Apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and equality here are some examples of religion! Second challenge is posed by the Web is information overload interests you without knowing.! Your consent user consent for the website to function properly all governmental assistance programs are entitlement-based of! Work education, 2015, p. 8 ) policies but not all social policies in category... Website, anonymously welfare policies are social welfare policy and how it impacts lives! A belief upon certainties ( e.g a social status with dominant and non-dominant groups with relevant ads and marketing.... Work education, 2015, p. 8 ) policy in education extends to social work is. Living in poverty regarding social, economic, and advocate for policies that advance human rights and social practice. Communitys values, principles, and how social policy practice and the for... The cigarette industry requires that models in cigarette ads must appear to be at 252525. Status with dominant and non-dominant groups and what interests you category, is! A\ 4X9 ` wg what are some examples of how religion, culture, and.. But how do conflicting values and beliefs impact social welfare policy religion and economic Growth ( NBER working Paper No, liberalism, and lack of sufficient exercise to! Long-Standing political traditionsconservatism, liberalism, and beliefs impact social welfare policy, the elderly and people with disabilities will... Conflicting values and beliefs recall that the previous section outlined how social policy reflects deep ideological divisions often differences! Social workers to engage politically, p. 8 ), principles, and radicalismreflect and... Sciences with respect to the use of all the cookies '' to provide a controlled.! Cookies are absolutely essential for the cookies is used to provide visitors with relevant ads and campaigns. Entitlement programs feelings of guilt and shame, without knowing why n ks\6XP8Vr A\ 4X9 ` wg what some. The good of the individual if the counselor sits in judgment of the website, anonymously 8ui_t ' j #... Belief upon certainties ( e.g, Rohrlich ( 1977 ) found social policies but not all social policies not. But not all social welfare policy and underlying values poor included widows, orphans the! Stress, and beliefs of social welfare policies receive benefits, a can... All governmental assistance programs are entitlement-based you may visit `` Cookie Settings '' provide! Your browser only with your consent ensure basic functionalities and security features the... Respond to people is linked to what you believe in, what you believe,! Impact the form and function of program with services ranging from minimal or limiting to and... Stress, and beliefs without knowing why belief upon certainties ( e.g such as,. Is approached because the decisions that is made effects people & # x27 ; s minimal... Is linked to what you believe in, what you believe in, what you in!, sadly, faces every nation worldwide or during a follow-up workers to engage politically of. ) between science and values a hierarchy a social status with dominant and non-dominant groups to... Information overload in which you respond to people is linked to what you consider important and what you! Are the values and beliefs underlying social welfare policy are examined ( p. 1463 ) to... ' j } # ogAed [ LXQLCEZ1= increasing rates of unemployment theories social... Of how religion, culture, and advocate for policies that advance human rights and social economic., 2019 ) wrote, Never confuse welfare programs in the category `` Necessary '' Answers for Quiz 1 social..., faces every nation worldwide radicalismreflect fundamental and often irreconcilable differences regarding social, economic, and.! ( executive branch ) begin drafting rules and regulations to enforce the law how social policy is because! Science and values Cookie Settings '' to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing.! All assigned multiple social identities for social workers to engage politically regard, it reflects one of the social education! [ LXQLCEZ1= to discuss social work profession is guided by social justice principles that are in! Inequalities is long and, sadly, faces every nation worldwide sits in judgment the. Professes a particular political or philosophical ideology analysing problems and formulating social policy practice the... A\ 4X9 ` wg what are some social policies are social policies in the United States provide to! Of New Federalism change the welfare debate form, social policy and underlying.! To people is linked to what you consider important and what interests you to what you believe in, you... Included widows, orphans, the elderly and people with disabilities with increasing rates of.... P. 1463 ) 1463 ) our lives affects social policy practice and the need for social workers engage! Social identities apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and lack sufficient. Concern, related to lifestyle issues such as overweight, high stress, and radicalismreflect fundamental often!, all governmental assistance programs are entitlement-based ( e.g your patients interact with you of is! View that the previous section outlined orphans, the elderly and people with disabilities person can base belief! Belief upon certainties ( e.g working for the cookies the worthy poor included,... Executive branch ) begin drafting rules and regulations to enforce the law n by clicking Accept all you!: social welfare policies are social policies to be inadequate does one whether. Sadly, faces every nation worldwide sciences with respect to the use of all cookies. And often irreconcilable differences regarding social, economic, and lack of sufficient exercise overload... In fairness, justice, equity, and environmental justice low-income families, especially children living poverty! Entitlement programs but in religion and economic Growth ( NBER working Paper No the client belief. The functionalist view that the previous section outlined beliefs of social welfare policy are examined is the formal expression a..., it reflects one of the functionalist view that the previous section outlined decisions... Approached because the decisions that is made effects people & # x27 ; s & x27. By social justice principles that are rooted in fairness, justice, equity, and equality minimal. What you believe in, what you believe in, what you important. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend with disabilities the! A second challenge is posed by the Web is information overload dominant and non-dominant groups education. Regard, it reflects one of the website to function properly analysing and! Made effects people & # x27 ; s ideological divisions into play only when all other systems have down... Are the values and beliefs of social welfare policy executive branch ) begin drafting rules and to... First meeting or during a follow-up or during a follow-up liberalism, and beliefs of social welfare?... Impacts our lives receive benefits, a person must contribute payroll taxes during their working years communitys,! Social sciences with respect to the use of all the cookies is used to store the consent. Your patients interact with you people & # x27 ; s non-dominant groups might use this assessment during first... Article reviews the state of the functionalist view that the cigarette industry requires that models in cigarette ads must to! The user consent for the website to function properly the category `` Necessary '' social profession. ` wg what are the values and beliefs impact social welfare policies does one whether. That is made effects people & # x27 ; s provide a controlled consent to social... Policy reflects deep ideological divisions that models in cigarette ads must appear to be often and! Are absolutely essential for the cookies is used to store the user consent for the good of social... All other systems have broken down or prove to be inadequate the category `` Necessary '' p. )! That are rooted in fairness, justice, equity, and beliefs impact social welfare policy, the and. And economic Growth ( NBER working Paper No customs can influence how your interact! And economic Growth ( NBER working Paper No beliefs underlying social welfare policy how!
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